TGEU The ProTrans project P etra de Sutter is Professor of Reproductive Medicine at Content Ghent University and Head of the Department of Repro- FOREWORD 2 ductive Medicine at Ghent University Hospital. She is also a Re- INTRODUCTION 4 search Fellow at the Research Foundation - Flanders and member of the Belgian Royal Academy of Medicine. She serves as an THE PROTRANS PROJECT 5 MP in the Belgian Parliament (Senate), an MP in the Council of • The project in brief 5 Europe and a Board Member of the European Parliamentary Fo- • Monitoring: focus on hate crimes 6 rum for Population and Development. • The online monitoring system 9 Foreword A 10 • ProTrans voices 13 THE MANIFOLD FORMS OF TRANSPHOBIC VIOLENCE 15 lthough the legal situation of trans people has express their gender identity, encouraging fair access • Structural and institutional violence 16 recently improved in some Western European to medical and legal assistance in gender reassignment • Societal violence 17 countries, as shown by the recent law changes in Malta and raising awareness of transgender health and rights. • Transphobic hate crimes 18 and Denmark, which have implemented the principle of As a member of PACE and a transgender woman myself, • Mobilisation strategies against transphobic violence in ProTrans 22 self-determination in legal gender recognition and elim- I strongly supported the resolution, which finally passed • International mechanisms - protecting trans people from violence 26 inated the sterilisation requirement, trans people are still with two-thirds of the votes. - United Nations 26 - Istanbul Convention 27 - Council of Europe’s Committee of Ministers LGBT Recommendations 28 disproportionately affected by discrimination and violence in most European countries. +2+ • Implementing organisations Preventing discrimination and violence against trans people starts by knowing the exact extent of discrimination - PACE Resolution “Discrimination of Trans People in Europe” 28 All over Europe, trans people have problems finding a job and violence they face by documenting it, and the present - Council of Europe’s human-rights watchdogs: The Commissioner 29 and accessing healthcare, housing and education, and project is therefore extremely valuable, in that it has moni- for Human Rights and the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance they often fall victim to transphobic violence and crimes. tored trans discrimination and violence in Central, Eastern - EU Victim’s Rights Directive 29 Mortality rates among trans people are very high, due to and South-eastern Europe in depth over the course of two - EU LGBTI guidelines 30 frequent homicide and suicide. Worldwide, a trans per- years, as a European follow-up project to Transgender Eu- son is killed every day and often it is the victim/survivor rope’s (TGEU) global Trans Murder Monitoring project. COUNTRY BY COUNTRY 32 who is blamed, rather than the murderer. May this report contribute to a better understanding of TERMINOLOGY 104 the problem of trans discrimination and show ways of APPENDIX 108 In April 2015, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Coun- decreasing it in all countries, by contributing to not only cil of Europe (PACE) adopted a resolution in favour of appropriate legislation, but also measures for its imple- paying more attention to the problem of discrimination mentation and the sanctioning of perpetrators of trans- against trans people, respecting individuals’ right to phobic discrimination and violence. +3+