TGEU The ProTrans project 3. Upon attempting to enter a shopping mall in the centre For the record of Ankara, two transgender women were told that they 1. An Internet news site targeted a trans journalist who had could not do so because the mall’s management had pro- been attacked physically by the police while following up hibited transgender people or “feminine guys”. (Turkey) on a street event. The news site used overtly transphobic Bias indicators Victim perception Does the victim perceive that the incident was motivated by bias? Keep in mind that the victim does not always understand that s/he may have been victimized in a bias-motivated attack. Victims often search for other reasons to explain an attack because their sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression represents an aspect of themselves that is not generally possible to change. Witness Perception Does the witness perceive that the incident was motivated by bias? Victim perception and witness perception may be different. Both need to be considered. Difference between suspect and victim in terms of racial, religious ethnic/national origin, gender, sexual orientation, etc. Do the suspect and victim differ in terms of sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression? Has the victim recently moved to the area in which the incident took place? Was the victim engaged in activities of LGBTI communities at the time of the incident? Is the victim, although not a member of LGBTI communities, is a member of an advocacy group that supports members of the LGBTI communities, or was the victim in the company of a member of LGBTI communities? Is the victim associated to a member of the LGBTI communities (e.g. married, or a family member)? Is the victim’s sexual orientation, gender identity publicly known? Location and/or timing Was the victim in or near an area or place commonly associated with or frequented by members of the LGBTI communities (e.g. an LGBT bar, venue)? Did the incident happen near locations related to the perpetrator’s group (e.g. headquarters of extremist organizations) or any hot spots for hate crimes? Did the incident occur on a date of particular significance for the LGBTI communities (e.g. day of LGBT pride march)? Language and word used, including written statements, gestures, graffiti, visible signs of the suspect Did the suspect make comments, written statements or gestures regarding the victim’s background? Were drawings, markings, symbols or graffiti left at the scene of the incident? Did/does the suspect wear any visible sign (tattoo, clothes, haircut) to deduce his/her membership to a specific group opposed to LGBTI communities? Organised hate groups Were objects or items left at the scene that suggest the crime was the work of paramilitary or extreme nationalist organisations? Is there evidence of such a group being active in the neighbourhood? Did any organized hate group claim responsibility for the crime? language. (Turkey) 4. A trans man obtained a job without presenting his ID. His employer then asked him to bring his ID in order to be 2. After the attack on a Labrys event on 17 May 2011, pho- registered officially. The victim brought his passport (with tos of LGBTIQ participants were published in Delo, a na- a female gender marker) and a form indicating a diagnosis tional homophobic and transphobic newspaper, in a delib- of transgenderism. The employer told him it was impossi- erate attempt to out them. The photos were accompanied ble to hire him because of his gender identity. (Kyrgyzstan) by humiliating and mocking text. (Kyrgyzstan) Hate speech also constitutes societal violence because it misrepresents trans people. Several incidents of public Transphobic hate crimes and cyber hate speech were documented, with the major- Hate crimes are criminal acts motivated by bias or prej- ity of cases being linked to Conchita Wurst’s (a drag artist) udice towards particular groups of people, and they can winning of the 2014 Song Contest. Hate speech after Con- be based, inter alia, on gender, gender identity, sexual chita’s win was also committed by politicians: there were orientation, ethnicity, religion, age or disability. Hate four such cases in Hungary and one in Moldova. crimes are often the most visible manifestation of hatred towards the trans community. A hate crime com- In Serbia, the influential Archbishop of the Serbian Ortho- prises two distinct elements: dox Church publicly stated that the terrible floods in Serbia were a result of Europe’s “celebration of Conchita Wurst”. • It is an act that constitutes an offence under the crim- He stated that the floods should be interpreted as a sign inal law, irrespective of the perpetrator’s motivation; that God loves Serbia and wishes to bring it back “to the and right path” through suffering. • In committing the crime, the perpetrator acts on the basis of prejudice or bias. Other forms of violence, including structural, institutional Questions that can help determine if a bias indicator is present and societal violence, often precede, accompany or provide the context for hate crimes. Several indicators might suggest that bias was involved when the perpetrator com- Types of bias indicators. The source of the table is: http://ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/Attachments/types_of_crimes_bias_indicators.pdf mitted the act (e.g. offensive language, the characteristics of the offender, a history of previous hate crimes, etc.). + 18 + + 19 +