Other forms of violence, including structural, institutional, and societal violence, often precede, accompany, or provide the context for hate crimes. Several indicators might suggest that bias was involved when the perpetrator committed the act (e.g. offensive language, the characteristics of the offender, a history of previous hate crimes, etc.). Several instances of police violence were registered in the participating countries. In the incidents, which involved physical and sexual assault as well as psychological violence at the hands of the police, the majority of the victims were trans women sex workers. FOR THE RECORD 2016 | 9 »» It is an act that constitutes an offence under the criminal law, irrespective of the perpetrator’s motivation; and »» In committing the crime, the perpetrator acts on the basis of prejudice or bias. TGEU other characteristics. Hate crimes are often the most visible manifestation of hatred towards the trans community. A hate crime comprises two distinct elements: