Transition includes some or all of the following personal, medical, and legal steps: telling one’s family, friends, and co-workers; using a different name and new pronouns; dressing differently; changing one’s name and/or sex on legal documents; hormone therapy; and possibly (though not always) one or more types of surgery. The exact steps involved in transition vary from person to person. Hate crimes (or bias crimes) are criminal acts motivated by bias or prejudice towards particular groups of people. This could be based, among other characteristics, on gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, ethnicity, religion, age or disability. A hate crime comprises two distinct elements: it is an act that constitutes an offence under the criminal law, irrespective of the perpetrator’s motivation; and in committing the crime, the perpetrator acts on the basis of prejudice or bias. Transphobia is a matrix of cultural and personal beliefs, opinions, attitudes and aggressive behaviours based on prejudice, disgust, fear and/or hatred directed against individuals or groups who do not conform to or who transgress societal gender expectations and norms. Transphobia particularly affects individuals whose lived gender identity or gender expression differs from the gender role assigned to them at birth, and it manifests itself in various ways, e.g., as direct physical violence, transphobic speech and insulting, discriminatory media coverage and social exclusion. It also includes institutionalised forms of discrimination such as criminalisation, pathologisation, or stigmatisation of nonconforming gender identities and gender expressions. FOR THE RECORD 2016 | 55 Transgender woman or trans woman or MTF (Male to Female) are terms that may be used by people who were assigned male at birth but identify and live as women. Some may prefer to simply be called women, without any modifier. TGEU Transgender man or trans man or FTM (Female to Male) are terms that may be used by people who were assigned female at birth but identify and live as men. Some may prefer to simply be called men, without any modifier.