TGEU The ProTrans project and events (elections, trials, demonstrations, etc.); it their gender identity in a different way to the gender gress societal gender expectations and norms. Transpho- tion of sentences due to the intent of the perpetrator has a temporal quality, as it generally takes place over they were assigned at birth. It includes those people bia particularly affects individuals whose lived gender to discriminate. (Taken from the Transrespect versus an extended period of time. In the specific context of who feel they have to, or prefer or choose to, whether identity or gender expression differs from the gender role Transphobia research project) hate crimes, the purpose of monitoring is to document through language, clothing, accessories, cosmetics or assigned to them at birth, and it manifests itself in vari- violence motivated by hatred and to draw the attention body modification, present themselves differently from ous ways, e.g., as direct physical violence, transphobic Transphobic incidents of national authorities or international organisations to the expectations of the gender role assigned to them speech and insulting, discriminatory media coverage and The term describes acts motivated by prejudice/bias/ the violation of recognised human rights. Monitoring at birth. This includes, among many others, transsexual social exclusion. It also includes institutionalised forms of hatred against trans people ranging from those that are ultimately aims to collect sufficient evidence of hate and transgender people, transvestites, cross dressers, discrimination such as criminalisation, pathologisation or merely offensive to those that constitute criminal acts. crimes to convince authorities and the public that some- no gender, multigender, genderqueer people, including stigmatisation of nonconforming gender identities and Although hate-motivated incidents do not always in- thing has to be done to improve the situation. Monitor- intersex and gender-variant people who relate to or gender expressions. (Taken from the Transrespect ver- volve crimes, such incidents often precede, accompany ing is also done to ensure that the authorities are adher- identify as any of the above. (Taken from the Transre- sus Transphobia research project) or provide the context for hate crimes. ing to the law, guidelines or agreements. It can also show spect versus Transphobia research project) Transphobic hate crime Victim/survivor of a homophobic or Trans woman A transphobic hate crime is a crime or incident in which transphobic hate crime/incident A trans individual who identifies as a woman. an aggressor is motivated by prejudice, hostility or ha- A victim/survivor of a hate crime/incident is a person tred toward persons who transgress or do not conform who has suffered any incident, which may or may not to societal gender expectations and norms. constitute a criminal offence, that is perceived by the trends over time. Sex The classification of people as male, female or “indeterminate sex” or intersex. Most individuals are assigned a Trans man sex at birth based on a combination of bodily character- A trans individual who identifies as a man. istics such as genitals and internal reproductive organs, and less frequently based on their chromosomes. Transition udice or hate based upon their sexual orientation, gen- Transgender pression differs from the gender role assigned to them at der identity or gender expression. The perception of the An adjective referring to a person whose gender identi- birth are particularly affected by hate crimes. Transpho- victim or any other person is the defining factor in deter- ty or expression is different from their assigned sex. bic hate crimes are motivated by transphobia, which is mining whether an incident constitutes a homophobic generally acted out through a high level of physical vio- or transphobic hate crime. The process that a trans person undergoes to live in their gender identity. It may include social gender rec- Transsexual ognition (e.g. changing one’s appearance), legal gender Another term for transgender that is more likely to be recognition (e.g. changing one’s name and sex/gender used by people who have undergone or want to under- Transphobic hate crimes have a deep impact not only details on documents) and/or medical transition (e.g. go transition-related medical procedures such as gen- on the victim, but on the whole group or community to hormones or surgeries that result in physical changes to der-affirming surgeries. which the victim belongs. Thus, transphobic hate crimes a trans person’s body). + 106 + victim or any other person as being motivated by prejIndividuals whose lived gender identity or gender ex- lence and moralistic contempt for the victim. affect social cohesion and stability, not only with regard Transphobia to the trans community, but also the society in which the Trans people Transphobia is a matrix of cultural and personal beliefs, community is embedded. Trans people include those people who have a gender opinions, attitudes and aggressive behaviours based on identity that is different to the gender they were as- prejudice, disgust, fear and/or hatred directed against in- In countries with hate-crime legislation, the hate-crime signed at birth and those people who wish to portray dividuals or groups who do not conform to or who trans- concept forms the legal basis for sentences or aggrava- + 107 +